Mouth Cancer (Oral Cancer): Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment

Mouth cancer, a form of head and neck cancer, is a serious and often life-threatening condition. It typically affects individuals over the age of 40, with men being more susceptible than women. In India alone, 77,003 new cases of mouth cancer have been reported this year, leading to 52,067 deaths—a concerning statistic that highlights the urgency of awareness and early detection.

Types of Mouth Cancer

Mouth (oral) cancer can occur in several areas of the oral cavity, including:

• Lip cancer
• Tongue cancer
• Inner cheek cancer
• Gum cancer
• Floor of the mouth cancer

Early Detection Is Key

Oral cancer is often diagnosed after it has already spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. However, early detection can significantly increase survival chances. Experts recommend visiting your dentist at least twice a year for routine checkups, especially if you are in a high-risk group.

Common Symptoms of Mouth Cancer

In the early stages, oral cancer may be asymptomatic. However, people who smoke or consume alcohol regularly should be especially vigilant. Warning signs include:

• Sores or blisters in the mouth or on the lips that don’t heal
• Mouth swelling or growths
• Persistent bleeding in the mouth
• Loose teeth with no clear cause
• Mouth pain or difficulty swallowing
• Sudden lump in the neck
• Ear pain or persistent sore throat
• Unexplained weight loss
• Numbness in the lips, face, neck, or chin
• Red or white patches inside the mouth
• Jaw stiffness or tongue pain
• Dry mouth

Note: These symptoms don’t always indicate cancer, but if they persist or appear in combination, consult a dentist or specialist immediately.

Primary Causes of Mouth Cancer

1. Smoking – The leading cause, including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes
2. Tobacco Use – Chewing or snuff increases risk dramatically
3. Excessive Alcohol Consumption
4. Poor Oral Hygiene & Neglect of Dental Health

Stages of Mouth Cancer

Understanding the progression helps in determining appropriate treatment:

• Stage 1: Tumor < 1 inch; no spread to lymph nodes
• Stage 2: Tumor 1–2 inches; still no lymph node involvement
• Stage 3: Tumor > 2 inches or has spread to nearby lymph nodes
• Stage 4: Cancer has spread extensively, affecting surrounding tissues and possibly distant organs

Prognosis:

• Early-stage detection = 82% survival rate
• Late-stage diagnosis = 27% survival rate

Treatment Options for Mouth Cancer

1. Surgery

• Surgical removal of the tumor, sometimes involving reconstruction of the affected area.
• May include flap reconstruction (pedicle or free flap) for cosmetic and functional restoration.

2. Radiation Therapy

• Uses targeted beams (like EBRT or brachytherapy) to destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue.

3. Chemotherapy

• Anti-cancer drugs used systemically, often in combination with radiation, to target cancer cells throughout the body.

4. Targeted Drug Therapy

• Advanced medications designed to attack cancer cells at a molecular level while preserving normal cells.
• Often used alongside chemotherapy and radiation.

Important Facts to Remember

• 80% of oral cancer cases in India are caused by tobacco use.
• The average age of diagnosis is around 50 years.
• Men are significantly more affected than women.
• Timely treatment can drastically improve survival chances.

Final Advice

Mouth cancer can be deadly if ignored. Routine dental check-ups, early diagnosis, and avoiding risk factors like tobacco and alcohol can save lives. If you notice any of the symptoms listed, don’t delay—consult a specialist immediately.

For expert care, consider consulting Dr. Sajjan Rajpurohit, a leading mouth cancer specialist.